1. বাক্য দ্বারা বর্তমানের অর্থ প্রকাশ করলে V1 বসে। বাক্য দ্বারা অতীতের অর্থ প্রকাশ করলে V2 বসে। বাক্য দ্বারা ভবিশ্যতের অর্থ প্রকাশ করলে shall / will + V1 বসে।
Every morning, I wake up early in the morning.
My teacher helps me to understand English grammar.
She wrote a letter to him yesterday.
We got freedom in in 1971.
I will visit the zoo next month.
They will come here tomorrow.
2. কোনো কিছু করতে পারা অর্থে can + V1 বসে। অবশ্যই করতে হবে অর্থে must / have to বসে।
He can speak English fluently.
You can play chess with me.
She must study in physics.
I have to play cricket today.
They have to dispute the chaos.
Note: অবশ্যই করা দরকার এই অর্থে need to / absolutely need to বসে। But, কোনো কিছু হওয়া দরকার বা কোনো গুণের অধিকারী হওয়া দরকার এরূপ অর্থে have to be / has to be + noun/adj বসে।
You need to sleep early.
You have to be a good person.
She has to be an engineer.
They have to be wise to do this.
3. সাধারনত sentence এ always, daily, usually, normally, every (day, week, month, year), regularly, sometimes, occasionally, never, often etc. থাকলে verb এর v1 হয় এবং past habit বা সময় বুঝালে verb এর v2 হয়।
I always go to the bank of the river.
When do you usually come to the school?
My mother reads Quran daily.
I never smoke in public.as
We took part in the horse ride every year.
4. কোনো sentence দ্বারা যদি universal truth (চিরন্তন সত্য), habitual fact (অভ্যাসগত কর্ম) প্রকাশ পায়, তবে তা সাধারনত present indefinite tense হয়। (তথা verb এর v1 হয়)
The earth is round.
The sun sets in the west.
He reads newspaper daily.
Bangladesh is an independent country.
Health is wealth
5. কোনো sentence এর headword তথা Subject third person singular number হলে, present indefinite tense এ verb এর সাথে s/es যোগ হয়।
Note: 3rd person singular: he, she, it, this, that, Rakib, Rebeka, pen etc.
My mother cooks dinner for us.
He prepares his breakfast daily.
Rebeka runs the party.
It makes us cheerful.
6. কোনো sentence এ now, at present, at this moment, at this time, day by day, currently ইত্যাদি word/phrase থাকলে বাক্যটি present continuous হয়। (তথা am/is/are+v1+ing বসে)
They are catching fish now.
He is reading a book at this moment.
7. কোনো sentence এ just, just now, already, yet, ever, lately, recently etc. থাকলে present perfect tense হয়। (তথা have/has+v3 বসে)
We already have gone the invitation.
He just has booked train ticket.
We have seen you lately.
8. কোনো কাজ দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে চলছে/চলতেছে এরূপ অর্থ প্রকাশ করলে present perfect continuous tense হয়। (তথা have been/has been+v1+ing বসে)
Note: এরূপ sentence এ since/for + একটি সময়ের উল্লেখ থাকে।
They have been living here for seven years.
He has been studying since morning.
Rima has been waiting for you for an hour.
9. কোনো sentence এ past নির্দেশক শব্দ যেমন- yesterday, last (night, week, month, year), ago, long ago, ling since, before, back, later, in the past, in those days etc. উল্লেখ থাকলে verb এর V2 হয়।
We visited the national zoo last month.
The train left the station ten minutes ago.
I was so busy yesterday.
In those days, we lived together.
10. কোনো sentence এ then, at that time, at that moment, at that period (at + time) etc. থাকলে বাক্যটি Past continuous tense হয়। (তথা was/were+v1+ing হয়)
He was studying then.
They were gossiping at that time.
He was sleeping when the bell rang.
At 11 PM, I was going to bed.
Note: When+v2, while+was/were+v1+ing, for weeks, for months, all day/week/month, yesterday at, last night at… বাক্যের মধ্যে থাকলে বাক্যটি past continuous tense হয়।
11. দুটি কাজের মধ্যে যে কাজটি অপেক্ষাক্রত আগে সম্পন্ন হয়েছে তা past perfect tense হয় এবং অপর কাজটি Past indefinite tense হয়। এক্ষেত্রে বাক্যের মধ্যে before/after এর উল্লেখ থাকে।
Structure:
i. sub+had+v3+…+before+sub+had+v2
ii. sub+v2+…+after+had+v3
He had left place before the police came.
The police came after he had left the place.
12. While এর পর verb+ing বসে। তবে subject থাকলে was/where+verb+ing বসে।
I saw the girl while gossiping with my friends.
A snake bit him while he was working in the garden.
Don’t gossip while reading.
13. বাক্যের মধ্যে ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক শব্দ যেমন- tomorrow, next (month, week, day) coming year অথবা ভবিষ্যতের কোনো সময় কিংবা সালের উল্লেখ থাকলে shall/will+v1 -বসে।
I will go to college tomorrow.
They will visit their aunt next month.
Our final exam will be held next week.
14. By this time, by morning, by Sunday etc. থাকলে sentence টি future perfect tense হয়। (তথা shall have/will have+v3)
The project will have completed by Thursday.
The party will be finished by the late night.
15. While এর পর verb+ing বসে। তবে subject থাকলে was/where+verb+ing বসে।
I saw the girl while gossiping with my friends.
A snake bit him while he was working in the garden.
Don’t gossip while reading.
16. Lest এর পর sub+should+might+v1 বসে।
Walk fast lest you should miss the train.
Read attentively lest you should fail in the exam.
17. সাধারনত modal auxiliary verb এর পর মূল verb এর v1 বসে।
He had better take rest now.
I will help you in any way.
He used to go for morning walk.
Note: can not but, could not but, let, make, used to, nothing but, would rather, had better/best, would like to, etc. are also modal verbs.
18. Preposition এর সাথে verb এর ব্যবহারঃ
i. to+v1 বসে (একে Infinitive বলে)।
ii. অন্যান্য preposition যেমন in, on, of, for with, by etc. এর পর v1+ing বসে।
iii. Preposition যুক্ত কিছু phrase যেমন with a view to, get used to, look forward to, resort to, devoted to, addicted to, be/get + used to, accustomed to, injured to, habituated to, can/could not help, can/could not bear etc. এর পর v1+ing বসে।
The voters are preparing to vote for the right person.
I never think of meeting her again.
He works hard with a view to earning more money.
We can not help obeying our beloved parents.
19. সাধারনত দুটি কাজের মধ্যে যে কাজটি অপেক্ষাক্রত আগে সম্পন্ন হয় সেটি present participle হয়।
I usually went to bed learning my lessons.
Passing the HSC exam, the girl took honors in English.
20. If conditional যক্ত বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে নিম্নের তিনটি নিয়ম ব্যবহার করা হয়।
i. If+present+...+sub+shall/will/can/may+v1
ii. If+v2+...+sub+would/could/might/+v1
iii. If+had+v3+...+sub+would have/could have/might have+v3
Note: Shall should be used after I and we only.
If you work hard, you will shine in life.
If you worked hard, you would shine in life.
If you had worked hard, you would have shone in life.
21. সাধারনত complex ও compound sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে উভয় clause এর tense একই হয়।
As they studied hard, they passed the examination. (complex sentence)
They studied hard and they passed the examination. (compound sentence)
22. As though, as if, wish, fancy, would that, oh that, I like etc. এর পর সাধারনত v2 এবং be verb হিসেবে were বসে।
I wish I were a king.
She talks as if she knew everything.
I fancy I turned a triple pale.
Note: As if/as though এর পূর্বের clause present হলে পরের clause v2, and পূর্বের clause v2 হলে পরের clause had+v3 বসে।
She talked as if she had known everything.
23. Had+sub+v3 দিয়ে কোনো বাক্য শুরু হলে, পরের clause টি sub+would have/could have+v3 হয়।
Had I been a chairman, I would have helped the poor.
Had I passed the final exam, I could have entered college.
24. As soon as, No sooner had … than, Hardly/Scarcely+had+…+when/before যুক্ত বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে নিম্নের গঠন ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
i. As soon as+sub+v2+..+,+sub+v2
ii. No sooner had+sub+v3+tha+sub+v2
iii. Hardy/Scarcely had+sub+v3+when/before+sub+v2
As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away.
No sooner had the thief seen the police then he ran away.
Hardly had he heard the news when/before he burst into tears.
Scarcely had we reached the stadium when the game started.
25. "এতই যে" অর্থে নিম্নের দুটি গঠন ব্যবহার করা হয়।
i. Too+adj/adv+to+v1
ii. So+adj/adv+that+can/could(n’t)+sub+v1
He is too weak to walk.
Rebeka was so poor that she could not buy foods.
26. Have, has, had, get, got, being, having, to be etc. এর পর V3 বসে।
Being disappointed, he left the place.
We should have studied well.
He went to meet with his friends having learned his lessons.
We got our car repaired.
27. Simple sentence এর মধ্যে দুটি main verb থাকলে ২য় verb এর সাথে ing বসে অথবা to+V1 হয়।
She enjoys playing piano.
I love to meet with her instead.
The weather tends to improve in March.
Note: দুটি ভিন্ন বাক্য নির্দেশ করলে এ নিয়ম প্রযোজ্য হবে না।
He helped me a lot and I acknowledged it.
28. And দ্বারা যুক্ত একাধিক noun/pronoun যদি একই ব্যক্তি, বস্তু, কিংবা ভাব নর্দেশ করে তবে verb এর singular form হয়। অন্যথায়, verb এর plural form হয়।
Bread and Butter is my favorite dish.
The horse and carriage is at the stage.
Slow and steady wins the race.
The principal and the secretary of our college are present.
29. as well as, with, along with, together with, accompanied by, followed by, and + no/not etc. দ্বারা যুক্ত noun/pronoun এর ক্ষেত্রে প্রথম noun/pronoun অনুযায়ী verb বসে।
The headmaster, along with the assistant teachers is present in the meeting.
Nipa as well as his brothers is a good student.
I and not Kamal have done this.
30. Each, every, any, no, more than one, none, no one, someone, anything, nothing, etc. এর পর subject ও verb উভয়ই singular হয়।
Each boy and each girl has got a prize.
কিন্তু each of (the), one of (the), either of (the), neither of (the), none of (the), any of (the), the first/last of (the), the number of etc. এর পর noun/pronoun plural হলেও verb singular হয়। Neither of the girls is beautiful.
Note: each যদি plural subject কে নির্দেশ করে তবে plural verb বসে। We each have our own car.
31. a number of, a variety of, several pairs of, plenty of, a lot of, a group of এর পর সাধারনত plural noun+plural verb বসে।
A number of students are my friends.
A lot of people are/were present in the meeting.
Note: none of can take both singular and plural verb as well. Such as, None of the cars is/are well designed.
Note:
Use singular verb→ when none refers whole thing.
Use plural verb → when none refers individual thing
32. Not only…but also, or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, যুক্ত দুই বা ততোধিক noun/pronoun এর ক্ষেত্রে সর্বশেষ noun/pronoun অনুযায়ী verb বসে।
You or he is/are present in the meeting.
Not only the chairman but also his subjects are corrupted.
33. Since দ্বারা যদি সময় নির্দেশ করে তবে নিম্নের দুটি গঠন ব্যবহার করা হয়।
i. present+since+V2
ii. V2+since+had+V3
Three years have passed since we met last.
It was long since since we had met last.
Note: Here since is used as conjunction.
34. It is high time/It is time এর পর to+v1 বসে। তবে subject থাকলে v2 বসে।
It is high time to stop corruption.
It is high time students stopped using chatGPT.
35. Would you mind এর verb + ing বসে।
Would you mind giving me a glass of water?
Would you mind helpin to obtain the bus ticket?
Would you mind helping the sufferers?
36. নিকট ভবিশ্যতে কোনো কিছু করতে যাওয়া বা সম্পাদন করা অর্থে am/is/are + go verb + to + V1 বসে।
I am going to meet with her.
She is going help you in anyway.
They are going to gossip about that subject.
I am going to sleep soon.