Modifiers হিসেবে যা যা ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে তা নিচে তুলে ধরা হলোঃ
Determiners
1. Articles: A, An, The
2. Demonstratives: This, that, these, those
3. Numerals: One, two, three, single, double, first, second etc.
4. Quantifiers: Many, much, some, any, no, all, both, each, every, either, neither, few, a few, little, a little etc.
5. Possessives: My, our, your, his, her, their, Jekovs, Rebekas etc.
Intensifiers:
- Actually, really, certainly, surely, greately, very, very much, indeed, definitely, absolutely, positiverly, extremely, exactly, quitely, quietly, perfectly etc.
Downtoners:
- Almost, barely, hardly, nearly, seldom, rather, a bit, a little, not at all, not many, not much etc.
Participle:
1. Present Participle: Verb + ing (+phrase)
Reading a novel of Humanity, Writing the eassy, Walking alone along the road, Sleeping toddler looks cute, Having dinner, Painting the house etc.
2. Past Participle: V3 (+ phrase)
Injured in an accident, Finished the last project, helped the sufferer, destroyed by devastating floods, taken by the authority etc.
3. Perfect Participle: Having + V3 (+phrase)
Having finished the dinner, we went to bed, Having taken the responsibility, he started digging, The sun having set, we stopped playing.
Infinitive: To + V1 (+phrase)
- To go to hospital, To play chess with her, To enjoy the movie, to tell a big lie, to walk alone in the garden, to paint the house, to do the job etc.
Relative Pronoun: Who, which, that
- I love the boys who help to enhance the dignity of our institution, The movie was so good which I watched yesterday, You can not get any favour from any institution legally that is corrupted.
Note: ব্যাক্তি নির্দেশ করলে who বসে, বস্তু নির্দেশ করলে which/that বসে। Toddler বা অপ্রাপ্ত বয়স্ক বালক/বালিকা নির্দেশেও that বসতে পারে। যেমনঃ The baby that is crying is my nephew.
Appositive: কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদান করতে Appositive বসে। যেমনঃ
- Jekov, an IT specialist, is my best friend, Kazi Nazrul Islam, a rebel poet, is our national poet, The computer, owned by me, ran well, A famous novelist, Charles Dickens died in 1870, Mark Zuckerberg, CEO Facebook and Meta, founded facebook in 2004. Mr. Jekov, Principal of ABC college, is fluent in English.
Dangling Modifiers: Dangling modifier হলো এক বা একাধিক শব্দ বা শব্দগুচ্ছ [group of words] যা বাক্যের অন্তর্গত অন্য কোনো word বা শব্দকে অস্পষ্টভাবে modify করে। যেমনঃ
Having watched the movie, the theatre was closed, After finishing the study, the was began, Haging reached the stadium, the concert was enjoyed etc.
Here, Having watched, After finishing, Having reached etc. can not be determined what they address or modify. Thus, we can say these are dangling modifiers.
Prepositional Phrase: Preposition + noun/noun phrase
- On the desk, in the afternoon, at night, of regular, at heart, with one eye, at the hospital, afater working hard, against all the oppressions etc.
Note: before any noun you can easily use A, An or the as an articles.
Adejctives:
- Small, big, good, bad, tall, hot, cold, early, bright, interesting, beautiful, thik, thin, sweet, talented, fool, industrious, gorgeous, precious, important, vital, significant, famous, popular, prominent, outstanding, broken, excited, confused, overwhelmed, confused, heavy, bright, young, encient, gigantic. ambitious, witty, apathetic, Grumpy, melodic, slippery, chaotic, modern, crucial, redundant etc.
Adverbs:
- Always, very, soon, well, fast, quickly, slowly, surely, certainly, hopefully, smartly, beautifully, specially, importantly etc.