Speech Changing in English (Narration)
ইংরেজীতে Narration ২ প্রকার। যথা: 1. Direct Narration 2. Indirect Narration
এখানে আমরা কিভাবে Direct থেকে Indirect করতে পারি সে বিষয়ে বিস্তারিত আলোচনা করা হবে। সাথে সাথে Passage Narration এর বিষয়েও আলোচনা করা হবে।
Direct to Indirect
নিম্নোক্ত পাচটি পরিবর্তন করার মাধ্যমে আমরা direct থেকে indirect করতে পারি।
1. Reporting Verb পরির্বতন করার নিয়ম:
| Assertive | Interrogative | Imperative | Optative | Exclamatory |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| said/told/replied/answered | asked | ordered, advise, requested, forbid, told etc. | wished/prayed | Exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprised/feared/wondered etc. |
2. Inverted (" ") comma পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
| Assertive | Interrogative | Imperative | Optative | Exclamatory |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| that | if/well/weather/wh-word | that | that | that |
Note: Let’s দ্বারা বাক্য শুরু হলে that+sub+should+v1 অথবা v1+ing বসে। কিন্তু Let+(me, him, her, them, you) দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হলে এবং অনুমতি চাওয়া বুঝালে that+sub+might+v1 বসে। এবং সাধারণত reporting verb এর পরিবর্তে proposed to বসে।
3. Person পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
First Person [I, We] থাকলে -> Subject এর সাথে পরিবর্তন হবে।
Second Person [You, Your] থাকলে -> Object এর সাথে পরিবর্তন হবে।
Third Person [He, She, it, They] থাকলে -> No change
Tips: যদি Inverted এর ভিতরের অংশ subjective form এ থাকে তবে subject, objective form থাকলে object এবং possessive form থাকলে possessive form এর সাথে পরিবর্তন করতে হবে। নিম্নোক্ত Case এর chart helpful হতে পারে।
| Subject | Object | Possessive |
|---|---|---|
| I | Me | My |
| We | Us | Our |
| You | You | Your |
| He | Him | His |
| She | Her | Her |
| They | Them | Their |
| It | It | Its |
| Jekov | Jekov (him) | Jekovs (his) |
4. Reported verb পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
| v1 থাকলে | V2 বসে |
| V2 থাকলে | had + V3 বসে |
| am / is / are থাকলে | was / were বসে |
| was / were থাকলে | had been বসে |
| have / has / had থাকলে | had বসে |
| can / may থাকলে | could / might বসে |
| don't থাকলে | did't বসে। (তবে imperative sentence Don't/Never দিয়ে শুরু হলে didn't বসে না।) |
| didn't থাকলে | had not + v3 বসে |
| shall / will থাকলে | would বসে |
| must থাকলে | had to বসে |
Note: Verb এর পরিবর্তন inverted comma " " এর ভিতরে হবে এবং তা অবশ্যই tense এর গঠন অনুযায়ী হবে। যদি Interrogative sentence wh word + do /does দিয়ে শুরু হয় এর মানে মূল verb v1 এ আচে এবং wh-word + did থাকলে মূল verb v2 এ থাকে।
5. নিকটবাচক শব্দ – দূরত্তবাচক শব্দে রূপান্তর:
Here → there; ago → before; this → that;these → those; come → go; thus → so; now → then; today → that day; yesterday → the previous day; tomorrow → the next day/the following day; last(day,week,month,year) → the previous (day,week,month,year); next(day,week,month,year) → the following (day,week,month,year) হয় ।
Exceptional Rules Used in Passage Narration:
- sir থাকলে > respectfully / with respect বসে। (সাধারণত reporting subject এর পর-ই respectfully বসে)
- thank you এর পরিবর্তে > thanked + object বসে।
- good bye থাকলে > sub + bade + obj + good bye বসে।
- good morning, good evening, good night থাকলে > sub + wished + obj+good morning/good evening etc.
- yes থাকলে replied in the affirmative এবং no থাকলে replied in the negative বসে। তবে yes / no এর পরে কোনো বক্তব্য থাকলে and said that যোগ করতে হয়।
- Passage narration এ speaker(বক্তা) ও listener(শ্রোতা) যেখানেই থাকুক না কেন, direct থেকে indirect করার সময় তা বাক্যের শুরুতে চলে আসবে।
- Reporting speech এ যদি কাউকে address বা(সম্বোধন) করা হয় তবে addressing…as দিয়ে indirect speech শুরু করতে হয়। Students দের boys বলে সম্ভোধন করলে - Addressing (students) as boys লেখতে হয়।
- Direct speech এ বক্তা ও শ্রোতা উভয়ই proper noun হলে indirect করার সময় proper noun টি যাকে নির্দেশ করে তার নানের প্রথম অখর লিখতে হয় (M)।
- কোনো বক্তার পরপর একাধিক উক্তি থাকলে 2nd অথবা পরবর্তী উক্তি গুলোর ক্ষেত্রে also said that/added that/also asked/further asked/again said that…বসে।
- Direct speech এ reporting verb টি মাঝে বা শেসে থাকলে তা indirect করার সময় প্রথমে চলে আসবে।(reporting subject এর পরেই লেখতে হয়)
Practice for Exercise:
| Assertive | Interrogative | Imperative | Optative | Exclamatory |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Kamal said to Babul, “I shall go to school tomorrow.” | Father said to me, “How did you do the work?” | Azim said to me, “Do it at once.” | He said to me, “May you be happy.” | He said, “What a cheering report!” |
| They said to me, “we went to college yesterday.” | Omar said to me, “Will I take your pen?” | He said to me, “Please lend me your pen.” | They said, “Long live our president". | They said, “How sweet the mango is!” |
| He says, “I am ill.” | He said to his mother, “I prepare my home work daily?” | Mother said to me, “Don’t disturb a school going girl.” | Mother said to me, “May you live long.” | Aslam said to Rumi, “What a nice gift I have got for you!” |
| He said to me, “I wondered if the book is available.” | The man said to you, “Are you going home tomorrow?” | Teachers said to the students, “Never tell a lie.” | The teacher said to the student, “May you come round soon.” | The traveler said, “How wicked the boys are!” |
| Reja said to me, “I want to do this work." | He said to me, “Were you reading the book? | I said to him, “Let us drop the matter.” | The lady said me, “May you shine in life.” | I said to him, “What a brave man you are!” |
| Zaki said to me, “You will get it soon.” | Rebeka said to me, ‘Which book do you want?” | My father said to me, “Do not waste your time”. | He said, “Alas! I am undone!” | |
| Tania said, “I was writing a letter to my friend.” | He said to me, “I cleaned the whole area?” | The man said to them, “Help us if you want.” | He said, “What a pity!” | |
| She said to me, “I have prepared the balance sheet.” | He said to me, “I cleaned the whole area?” | The man said to them, “Help us if you want.” | He said, “What a pity!” | |
| She said to me, “I have prepared the balance sheet.” | He said to me, “Do you want to return to Europe.” | The beggar said to the man, “Let me have a meal.” | I said, “Had I the wings of a bird!” | |
| Ruby said, “Man must submit to destiny.” | The passenger said to the porter, “When will the train arrive.” | The teacher said, “Write an essay on punctuality.” | He said to me, “How beautiful the rose is.!” |
Exercise Passage Narration (Direct to Indirect):
- Rina said to Sima, "why don't you get up early from sleep"? Sima said, "It is tough for me to leave bed early". "Alas! It is a bad habit," said Rina, "If you leave bed early, you can enjoy sound health. Follow my advice".
- "Where do you like to go?" said the ticket officer. "To Rajshahi." said the lady. "How many tickets do you need to buy and of which class?" "Three first class tickets." "Here are the tickets and they will cost you three thousand taka."
- "Good morning Farzana," said Abrar. "How much preparation have you taken for this exam?" "Not bad at all," said she. "I hope I will get GPA-5" " Wow, what a bright girl!" said Abrar. "But my preparation is not so good."
- The new teacher entered the classroom and said. "Can you tell me what I should do now?" "No, sir," one of the students said. The teacher smiled and said. "Try to guess." "You should introduce yourself to us," another student said. "Thank you," said the teacher, "You are really brilliant."
- "Why are you laughing in the class?" the teacher said to the girl. "I have remembered an interesting incident after you have given the example." "What is that?" said the teacher. "It is about one of my cousins who came to our house yesterday." "Forget it and be attentive to your lesson."
- "Why are you laughing in the class?" the teacher said to the girl. "I have remembered an interesting incident after you have given the example." "What is that?" said the teacher. "It is about one of my cousins who came to our house yesterday." "Forget it and be attentive to your lesson."
- "Good morning, Kiron," said Harun. "How much preparation have you taken for the SSC Examination?" "A great preparation," Kiron replied. "Wow! What an intelligent boy!" said Harun. "May you be distinguished with your result."
- "I've got GPA-5 in the SSC Examination," said Samir. "Congratulations, brother!" I said. "What do you intend to do now?" "I wish to study science group in a reputed college. I've a mind to get admission in BUET after my HSC," Samir replied.
- "May I come in, sir?" Ripon said to his class teacher. The teacher replied, "Yes, why are you so late today?" "My grandfather suddenly felt severe pain in his chest. So, I rushed to hospital with him," "May Allah grant him quick recovery," said the teacher.
- ‘'What is the time by your watch? "said an old man. I said, "It is half past nine". He said, "I want to go to your house. Will you accompany me, please?" "No. I am sorry because I am going to school," said I.
- The students said, "We want to celebrate the victory of the National Debate Competition." The Headmaster said, "Why?" The students said, "We want to make it memorable in our life." The Headmaster said, "Don't worry. I shall take all necessary steps to arrange the function."
- The teacher said to the boy, "Why are you disturbing the class in this way? Don't you know that it is an important class? Get out of the room and don't come back today." "Excuse me, sir," said the boy. "I'll never disturb in the class," he promised.
- The stranger said to the boy, "Can you tell me the way to the nearest hotel?" "Yes, sir, I can. Do you want a residential one in which you can spend the night?" said the boy. "I do not want to stay there but I only want a meal," replied the man. "Paradise Garden will be better for you," said the boy.
- Shabab said to Tahsin, "Did you visit the Shat Gombuj Mosque?" "No, I didn't", said Tahsin. "I was there last week. How beautiful the mosque is!" said Shabab. "Let's go there next year." Tahsin said.
- "Why are you putting the foods in your pocket, Sir? Why don't you eat?" asked the nobleman. "I'm doing the right thing. My dress deserves these rich dishes." replied Seikh Sa'adi. "I'm sorry. I don't understand what you mean to say." said the nobleman.